The occurrence of keratinolytic fungi in waste and waste-contaminated habitats

The data on the occurrence of keratinolytic fungi in sewage, municipal solid waste and waste-contaminated habitats are reviewed. In these habitats, keratinolytic fungi occur with extreme abundance. The factors influencing qualitative and quantitative compositions of the fungi in the habitats are discussed. It is concluded that keratinolytic fungi can be the bioindicators of environmental pollution with waste. The compositions indicate not only the presence of keratin remnants and faecal contaminants in the environment but also respond to the changes in environmental conditions. Fungal indices also indicate the infection risk associated with contamination of the environment with potential fungal pathogens. The needs for further studies are discussed.